Primary & Secondary Actions in Web Forms

by Luke Wroblewski & Etre
原文:http://www.lukew.com/resources/articles/psactions.asp

In recent months, I’ve been working on refining the design recommendations in my upcoming book, Web Form Design Best Practices, through actual usage data. To that end, I’ve had the pleasure of working with London-based usability firm Etre on several eye-tracking and usability studies focused on specific aspects of Web form design. One of these tests focused on the distinction between primary and secondary actions.

最近的几个月,通过一些既有的可用性数据,我一直在改进我的即将推出的一本书《web表单设计的最佳实例》中推荐信的设计。最后,我很高兴我和伦敦基础可用性公司Etre一起做了一些眼动实验和一些对于web表单中特出方面的可用性研究。其中的一个测试就是关注于主要行为和次要行为的区分。

Primary & Secondary Actions
A typical Web form usually enables several “final” actions. Actions like “Submit”, “Save”, or “Continue” are intended to enable form completion –the primary goal of just about anyone who has started filling in a form. Because they enable the most important action on the form (completion), they are often referred to as primary actions.

一个典型的web表单通常存在几个“最终”的行为,比如“提交”,“保存”或者“继续”。这些行为的目的是为了表单能够被顺利的填写完成,并且也是任何人开始填写表单的主要目标。因为它们是表单完成中最重要的几个行为,所以它们通常被成为主要行为。

Typical Web Form

Secondary actions, on the other hand, tend to be less utilized and most often allow people to retract the data they’ve entered. Options like “Cancel”, “Reset”, or “Go Back” represent secondary actions that are counter to most people’s primary goal of completing the form they started.

Because secondary actions can have negative consequences, especially when used unintentionally, I’ve often argued they should be absent from forms. Imagine filling in a long form online only to hit the “Reset” button and have all your data erased.

That said there are situations where secondary actions make sense (“Save for later”, “Export”, etc.). In these conditions, the best practice I’ve advocated has been to visually distinguish primary and secondary actions so people have an clear path illuminating their primary goal: completing a form.

次要行为,换句话来说,就是相对比较少被使用到,并且通常允许用户撤销他们之前的输入。比如“取消”,“重置”或者“返回”,这些行为与用户要完成表单的主要目标是相反的。

由于次要行为会产生消极的结果,尤其是无意间被执行的时候,所以我经常会建议它们应该从表单中被去掉。想象一下,我们好不容易填写了一大段东西之后,只因为我们点到了“重置”按钮而使那些东西都没了。

当然在某些情况下,次要行为也是有必要的(“稍后保存”“导出”等等)。在这些情况下,我提倡在视觉上来区分主要和次要行为,这样的话,人们就会有一个很明显的主线去引导他们完成表单。

Visual Distinctions

Reducing the visual prominence of secondary actions minimizes the risk for potential errors and further directs people toward a successful outcome. But what’s the best way to accomplish this distinction? How different should primary and secondary actions be and where should they be placed? To answers these questions, Etre and I ran a few tests.

In order to assess which presentation of primary and secondary actions might work best, we tested six variations on 23 people using eye-tracking and usability metrics. Participants were presented each of six designs in random order (to minimize familiarity biases) and asked to “Please complete the form fully and accurately”.

减少次要行为在视觉上的重要性最小化了发生潜在错误的可能性,也引导人们向成功迈进。但是,怎么样进行区分才是最好的方式呢?主要和次要行为在设计上究竟需要有多么大的不同以及它们究竟应该放在哪里呢?为了解决这些问题,Etre和我做了一些测试。

为了评估主要和次要行为的哪种表现形式能带来最好的体验,我们对23个用户,进行了6个变量的眼球跟踪实验和可用性测量方法。6种设计随机的依次展示给参与者(减小相似偏差),要求参与者完整并正确的完成表单。

Options Tested

Visual Distinctions
People accomplished their task perfectly when using five of the six designs. Option A, B, C, D and F achieved success rates of 100%, without causing users to make a single error. They also saw comparable task completion times and received similarly high satisfaction ratings.

Option B performed best of all. Fixations were shorter and fewer in number when using this design. And people were also able to complete the task more quickly and efficiently than they did when using the others.

6个中的5个表单中,参与者能够很好的完成他们的任务。ABCDF表单的成功完成率是100%,并且完成的过程中,用户没有任何一个失误。他们有差不多的任务完成时间,并且在满意度方面,也是非常相似。

B表单是其中最好的。用户在完成任务的时候,注视时间最短,注视次数最少。用户完成任务也相较于其他的表单更快速和有效率。

Option B: Fixations

However, when commenting on Option A, several people said that displaying the “Cancel” option as a link was helpful. One person mentioned that, while such a recessive presentation made this option harder to find, it helped prevent accidental (and catastrophic) cancellations. Another felt that “Submit” was the most important option and thus thought it was logical that “Cancel” wasn’t given equal status in the user interface.

Several people also made positive comments about Option C’s grey “Cancel” button. One participant said that its coloring made it easier to spot “the right button” (i.e. “Submit”), while another said that the different colored buttons “slow you down [and] make you check that you are hitting on the right thing.”

Interestingly, people required around eight more fixations to process Option C than they did to process Option B – a design that presented both options as near-identical green left-aligned buttons. It seems that, while users liked they fact that the grey made Option C’s “Cancel” button easier to spot, it did make the design less efficient in terms of its ability to be processed quickly. That said, when using Option B, a number of users expressed concern that they “could quite easily click the wrong one.”

关于表单A,有些用户认为把“取消”选项当作一个链接来展现是非常有帮助的。一个用户提到,虽然这样一个比较隐形的表现形式使得该链接不容易被察觉,但它帮助阻止了意外性(灾难性)的取消操作。另一些人认为由于“提交”按钮是最重要的一个操作,所以自然而然,“取消”按钮不应该和“提交”按钮有相同状态的用户界面。

关于表单C,部分用户对于灰色的“取消”按钮也给予了正面的评价,有一个用户认为它的颜色让人们能更好的把重点放在正确的按钮上,即“提交”按钮。然而也有用户认为,不同的颜色会减慢用户往下进行的速度,因为用户需要确认一下他是否点击了正确的那个按钮。

有趣的是,用户填写C表单比填写把两个操作按钮都给予相同的绿色左对其样式的B表单注视了更多的次数。从结果来看,似乎是表单C中的灰色“取消”按钮更容易获得用户的关注,所以这个设计确实在快速推动进程的同时降低了效率。也有情况是,当填写B表单时,一部分用户对于他们可能会太容易点到错误的按钮而感到担忧。

Option C: Fixations

Overall, it seems that people responded well to designs that made “Cancel” stand out in some way – even if these designs slowed them down a little. This suggests that they were more concerned about avoiding losing their data, than they were about submitting it quickly.

总的来说,似乎用户对于样式稍微有些不同的“取消”按钮能够有很好的回应,即使这样的设计会稍微拖慢一下他们的脚步。这说明相对于快速完成任务,用户更多的关注的是如何避免使他们输入的数据丢失。

Options A, B, C

Placement
Only Option E performed poorly during our testing. Six people mistakenly clicked on the “Cancel” button when attempting the task with this design, while many more lingered over it before realizing that they were about to make a mistake. People, as a whole, were around six seconds slower when using this design than they were when using Option B (a considerable gap when you consider that the placement of the buttons was the only thing that differed between the two). They also required a higher than average number of fixations to complete the task (with a higher than average total fixation length and average fixation length).

只有E表单是整个测试中有最多问题的。6个用户在完成任务的时候,错误的点击“取消”按钮,更多的用户在“取消”按钮之前徘徊了好一会,然后意识到他们差点就要犯错了。整体来看,用户在填写E表单比填写B表单多花费了6秒的时间(两者的区别仅仅是按钮位置的图同)。用户同样也花费了高于平均水品的注视率来完成这个任务。

Option E: Fixations

According to the data we collected, Option A, B, and C were the three most effective designs. These prototypes shared a common characteristic: all presented their “Submit” and “Cancel” options on the left-hand side of the page. This suggests that left-alignment of these two options is the best design choice – especially when the form controls above are also left aligned. Placing the “Submit” and “Cancel” buttons on the left meant that people’s eyes had less distance to travel.

In terms of their eye movements, people were least efficient when using Option F. While all people performed the task successfully using this design, our eye tracking data shows that they were more efficient when using the others. People’s fixations were longest when using Option F; they fixated more often on this design than on most others too. We believe that this was because they expected the two buttons to be left-aligned (i.e. to appear directly below the last form field on the page) and upon finding that this wasn’t the case, had to search around to find them.

根据我们收集的数据,表单ABC是最有效率的三种设计。这几个原型有一个共同的特色:都是将它们的两个按钮放在页面的左侧。这就暗示了这两个按钮居左是最好的设计,特别是当表单的填写选项也都是居左的时候。将“提交”“取消”按钮放在左侧意味着用户的视线可以不需要远距离的移动。

从用户的视线移动来看,用户在填写表单F的时候效率最低。当所有用户都能很好的完成任务时,我们的眼球追踪数据却显示用户在使用其他的表单时具有更高的效率。在填写F表单时,用户的注视时长是最长的。我们相信,这是由于用户的预期是认为两个按钮应该在页面左侧(也就是,应该紧接着最后的一个填写选项),并且当按钮没有按照预期位置出现的时候,就不得不到处的寻找它们。

Option F: Fixations

This finding maps well to a long-standing form design principle: illuminate a clear path to completion. Aligning inputs and actions with a strong vertical axis clearly communicates how to go about completing a form. This can be seen by the strong vertical axis formed by people’s gaze paths in the heat map below.

这个研究结果很好的绘制了一个长期存在的设计原则:给出一条完成任务的清晰明显的路径。把输入框和操作按钮都放置在竖向的轴线上,就可以非常明晰的告诉用户如何完成一个表单。这一点可以从下图的用户注视热度图看出。

Option A: Heatmap

(Note: An element of preconditioning may also have had a bearing here as in all of the other designs we tested the “Submit” button was displayed to the left of the “Cancel” button.)

Summary
While the primary goal of most Web form designs is to get people through a form as quickly and painlessly as possible, there are situations where slowing people down is advisable. When choosing between primary and secondary actions, visual distinctions are a useful method for helping people make good choices.

Should this distinction be more prominent like the button vs. link in Option A or a bit more subtle like the two different colored buttons in Option C? Option A fared a bit better in time to completion, average number of fixations, and average total length of fixations indicating people completed the form faster but not by much.

The need for these distinctions becomes moot, of course, when no secondary actions are present. Make sure you really need each secondary action on a form and don’t add them indiscriminately.

Conversely, the alignment of actions with a form’s input elements provides a clear path to completion that helps people complete forms faster. Be conscious of where you place form actions as primary actions directly aligned with input fields tend to increase completion rates and the less time people have to spend on your forms, the happier they will be.

尽管WEB表单设计的主要目标是尽可能让用户快速的平顺的完成任务,在某些情况下,放慢用户的速度也是明智的。当设计主要和次要行为时,视觉区分会是一个很好的办法帮助用户做出正确的选择。

那这个视觉区分是不是要类似表单A里的按钮和链接这样如此显著呢?或者说想表单C中的微妙的色彩区分呢?表单A在完成时间上来讲表现的更好,拥有平均的注视次数和平均的注视总长度,意味着用户可以更快的完成表单(但并不是快很多)

如果没有次要行为的话,那对视觉区分的需求就变得没有意义了。你需要确定你的表单中是否真的需要次要行为,千万不要杂乱的添加它们。

相反的,把操作行为和表单输入框排成一条直线,可以提供一个清晰的路线帮助用户更快的完成表单。你要清楚,你怎么放置操作行为,就比如把主要行为和输入框放在同一侧,是可以增加表单的完成率的,用户花更少的时间在你的表单上,他们将会更愉悦。

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